DETAILS OF PARTS OF A BUILDING: WALL, OPENINGS (ARCH), LINTEL, DOOR AND WINDOW. WALL A wall is a continuous vertically framed or solid structure usually of blocks, stone, concrete, timber or metal, thin or proportional to its length and height. FUNCTIONS OF WALLS 1. It encloses and protects a building. 2. It divides a building into compartments and rooms. 3. It bears the roof's load and transmits it to the foundation. 4. It protects the occupants of a building against wind, rain, and unfavorable weather conditions. TYPES OF WALLS 1. Load-bearing walls: These can be internal or external that transmit the roof's load to the foundation. 2. non-load-bearing walls: These are internal partition walls that divide the building into rooms but do not carry any load. OPENINGS IN WALLS . Opening in a wall is that part of the wall that is not covered with walling material. It is allowed to provide for windows, doors, and ventilation spaces. It is spanned on top by a lintel. LINTEL The l

   HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN ELLIPSE USING THE FOCAL POINT/INTERSECTING ARC METHOD i. Draw the major axis AB (80mm) ii.  Bisect AB at P and mark CD equals the minor axis (50mm) iii. With center C  and radius AP, mark F1 and F2. iv. From F1 mark 1,2,3 and 4 at any equal spacing towards the center P. v. With centers F1 and F2, radius A1, and B1 draw arcs to intersect at 1 in each of the four-quadrant. Repeat with points 2-4 to get points 2-4. vi. Join all the intersecting points with a curve to give the required ellipse. COUNT AND LEAVE 12 LINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION. SPECIAL CURVE HOW TO CONSTRUCT A CYCLOID WITH A TANGENT AT A POINT ON THE CYCLOID. i. Draw the circle and divide it into 12 equal parts. ii. Draw horizontal lines from each point 1,2,3...12 iii. From 0 with radius 0-1 step off 12 equal division 1,2,3...12 iv. Erect perpendicular from each point 1,2,3...12 to intersect the center line of the circle at C1, C2, C3...C12 v. With center C1, C2, C3...C12 and radius OC, construct circles